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Davidson-Duryea gun carriage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Development history

Royal Page Davidson of the Northwestern Military Academy in Highland Park, Illinois, was doing some experimenting about this time with automobile chassis, modifying them and adding machine guns with armored shielding for protection of the driver.[1] Davidson was the leading pioneer of armored military vehicles in the United States.[2]
Davidson designed the military gun carriage vehicle[3] and ordered it to be built from the Peoria Rubber and Manufacturing Company using patents of Charles Duryea, a well known automobile manufacturer of the time.[4] Charles Duryea, with his automobile manufacturing company, put it into an automobile style patent which he filed for on May 16, 1898. It was finally approved as Patent No. 653,224 on July 10, 1900. The military gun carriage gasoline driven vehicle was built on a Duryea Automobile Company standard production automobile chassis that was converted for military purposes.[5] The first ones cost $1,500.[6]

In the gun carriage patent Duryea says the lighter form motor vehicle is a tricycle capable of seating two people. He further says the object of the invention was to provide a cheap, simple, and effective steering, a compact and durable speed-varying mechanism, a more ready control, an improved brake, a light air-jacketed engine, a cheap and simple balance-gear, and such other minor objects as may appear in the specification.[8]
Davidson arranged for a Colt .30 caliber automatic machine gun to be mounted on the vehicle intended for military use. The vehicle was the first of a series of military vehicles constructed by Royal Page Davidson for the use by the Northwestern Military and Naval Academy. The first vehicles had three wheels (tricycle) and only a gun shield for protection for the driver while the later vehicles Davidson designed were fully protected by armor.[9]
Since it was originally of a tricycle configuration the three pneumatic wheels came with wooden spokes and were 36 inches in diameter. The one wheel in the front was used for steering. Later the partially armored vehicle was made with 4 single spoked wheels and a driving wheel was installed. The wheels did not come with mudguards. The vehicle had the capacity of four people to ride on top of the rear engine compartment, one driver and three passengers. The front seat driver and passenger faced forward, while the other two passengers were back-to-back on the rear seat and facing the opposite direction. The vehicle could go 200 miles on a tank of gas and held tents, blankets, equipment and ration supplies for a week of so.[10]
With the addition of the 4,000 round machine gun mounted on the vehicle one Northwestern cadet wrote, With this gun you could sneak upon an enemy and fire 480 shots a minute and get away before they would know what happened.[6] Davidson made this military armed vehicle in 1899 at the Northwestern Military Academy campus in Highland Park, Illinois. A drawing of the semi-protected military armored vehicle appeared in an 1899 Peoria newspaper. In the "Minor Section" section of the magazine The Horseless Age they said: The Peoria Rubber & Manufacturing Company of Peoria is pushing the motor gun carriage which they are making for Major Davidson in the hope that the Major may reach New York with it in time for the Dewey celebration.[11] The newspapers of the day reported that the United States was first to use motorized guns.[6]

In 1900 the gun carriage vehicle was modified into a sturdier four-wheeler which eventually became the Davidson Automobile Battery armored car, a lightly armored military vehicle. Davidson, inventor of the first military vehicle in the United States,[12] received little credit from the Army for his efforts of being the first to build armored cars in the United States

Major (later Colonel) R.P. Davidson, Commandant of the Northwestern Military and Naval Academy at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, was the leading pioneer of armoured fighting vehicles in the United States.



In 1899, Davidson obtained a standard 6-h.p. Duryea tricar and altered it to take a Colt 7-mm. machine gun complete with its tripod which was affixed to the front platform of the vehicle with its legs straddiling the single front wheel. The gun had a light shield and could be traversed by hand through 180 degrees and also had limited vertical movement. The range of the gun was 2,000 yards and it could fire 480 rounds per minute, by belt feed. A crew of four men, in pairs back to back, could be carried on the standard passenger seats which were placed over the engine cover. The Duryea tricar had a three-cylinder engine and weighed 900 lbs without, and 1000 lbs with the gun. A rope was carried on the vehicle so that the engine could be used as a winch to haul the vehicle out of mud so long as there was a handy tree or fence, etc., to take the rope. When fully loaded, the vehicle could carry tents for the men and 5000 rounds of ammunition. Davidson envisioned using the Tricar as the main vehicle of a flying artillery patrol with an escort of armed cyclists. In 1900, Davidson produced an almost exactly similar vehicle, this time based on a Duryea quadracycle, which was basically the same design as the Tricar, except that it had two front wheels instead of one.